| Preface | | ix | |
| Institutions: A Brief Excursion through History |
| | 1 | |
|
| | 3 | |
| In Between: Monasteries, Guilds, and Universities |
| | 7 | |
| Early Modern Europe: Patents, Prizes, and Patrons |
| | 8 | |
| Patents Come into Their Own |
| | 11 | |
| Modern Patrons: Foundations |
| | 14 | |
| Big Science and the Growth of Government Funding |
| | 16 | |
| Modern Hybrid Institutions |
| | 21 | |
| | 27 | |
| | 31 | |
| Intellectual Property: Tolls on the Information Highway |
| | 34 | |
| | 39 | |
| | 40 | |
| | 46 | |
| | 47 | |
| Efficient Investments in Knowledge |
| | 53 | |
| | 58 | |
| | 59 | |
| A Primer for Nonlawyers on Intellectual Property |
| | 65 | |
|
| | 66 | |
| | 76 | |
| | 79 | |
| | 81 | |
| The Problem of Disclosure |
| | 82 | |
| Breadth and the Required Inventive Step |
| | 84 | |
| Intellectual Property and Antitrust |
| | 88 | |
| Technical Note: Doing Legal Research |
| | 92 | |
| On the Optimal Design of Intellectual Property |
| | 97 | |
| How Profitable Should Intellectual Property Rights Be? |
| | 98 | |
| Breadth as a Policy Lever |
| | 103 | |
| Structuring the Profit: Length and Breadth |
| | 107 | |
| Some Virtues and Defects of Patent Races |
| | 112 | |
| | 114 | |
| The Problem of One-Size-Fits-All |
| | 117 | |
| | 119 | |
| Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Protecting Cumulative Innovators |
| | 127 | |
| Three Types of Cumulativeness |
| | 132 | |
| Basic and Applied Research |
| | 135 | |
| | 142 | |
| | 146 | |
| Breadth and Inventive Step on a Quality Ladder |
| | 149 | |
| | 152 | |
| | 156 | |
| Licensing, Joint Ventures, and Competition Policy |
| | 161 | |
| Licensing for Productive Efficiency |
| | 162 | |
| Competition Policy in the Innovation Context |
| | 169 | |
| Ex Ante Mergers and R&D Joint Ventures |
| | 172 | |
| Ex Post Mergers and Patent Pools |
| | 175 | |
| Collective Rights Management Organizations and Compulsory Licensing |
| | 180 | |
| Licensing versus Sale of Protected Works |
| | 185 | |
| | 187 | |
| Litigation and Enforcement |
| | 197 | |
| | 201 | |
| Remedies for Infringement and How They Matter |
| | 206 | |
| Enforcement of Copyrights by Technical Protection Measures |
| | 212 | |
| Limited Sharing of Copyrighted Works |
| | 219 | |
| Innovation Today: A Private-Public Partnership |
| | 227 | |
|
| The Tangled Web of Funding Relationships |
| | 228 | |
| | 235 | |
| | 240 | |
| Mixed Private-Public Incentives |
| | 242 | |
| The Government Grant Process |
| | 247 | |
| The Virtues of Open Science |
| | 252 | |
| Technical Note: Disclosure and Expected Time to Discovery |
| | 254 | |
| The Value of R&D and Patents |
| | 259 | |
| R&D and Productivity Growth |
| | 263 | |
| Patent Data and the Private Value of R&D Spending |
| | 270 | |
| The Skewed Distribution of Patent Values |
| | 275 | |
| | 282 | |
| Networks and Network Effects |
| | 289 | |
| | 292 | |
| Systems Competition and Proprietary Interfaces |
| | 298 | |
| Physical Networks: The Internet |
| | 305 | |
| Physical Networks: Cell Phones |
| | 309 | |
| | 312 | |
| Innovation in the Global Economy |
| | 319 | |
| Trade Policy and Treaties |
| | 320 | |
| National Treatment and Efficient Protection |
| | 325 | |
| Country-Level Optimal Protection |
| | 329 | |
| National Autonomy and Protected Subject Matters |
| | 336 | |
| Intellectual Property and the Public Domain |
| | 339 | |
| National Autonomy and Trade Rules |
| | 343 | |
| Externalities and International Cooperation |
| | 345 | |
| | 346 | |
| Index | | 351 | |
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