| | xi | |
| Foreword | | xiii | |
| Preface | | xv | |
| Acknowledgements | | xix | |
| DVD contents | | xx | |
| | xxi | |
| | xxvii | |
| | xxix | |
| List of abbreviations and acronyms |
| | xxxi | |
| The modern volcanologist's tool kit |
| | 1 | |
| Volcanoes in motion -- when deformation gets extreme |
| | 2 | |
| The ups and downs of a Roman market -- Phlegraean Fields Caldera, Italy |
| | 2 | |
| Remarkable uplifts in the Galapagos Islands -- Fernandina and Alcedo Volcanoes |
| | 3 | |
| Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea, 1994 |
| | 3 | |
| The bulge at Mount St. Helens, 1980 |
| | 4 | |
| Volcanology in the information age |
| | 5 | |
| Volcano hazards mitigation -- a complicated business |
| | 5 | |
| Lessons from Armero, Colombia |
| | 6 | |
| Communication -- a key to effective hazards mitigation |
| | 8 | |
| A brief survey of volcano-monitoring techniques |
| | 10 | |
| Seismology -- cornerstone of volcano monitoring |
| | 10 | |
| | 13 | |
| | 17 | |
| Hydrologic responses to stress and strain |
| | 19 | |
| Remote-sensing techniques |
| | 20 | |
| Volcano hazards and risk assessment techniques |
| | 21 | |
| A mobile volcano-monitoring system |
| | 22 | |
| An introduction to geodetic sensors and techniques |
| | 22 | |
| The emergence of volcano geodesy |
| | 22 | |
| Continuous sensors and repeat surveys |
| | 25 | |
| Tiltmeters, strainmeters, and continuous GPS |
| | 26 | |
| Repeated surveys -- leveling, EDM, and GPS |
| | 28 | |
| Photography, photogrammetry, and water-level gauging |
| | 30 | |
| Classical surveying techniques |
| | 33 | |
| | 33 | |
| Reference systems and datums |
| | 34 | |
| | 37 | |
| Trilateration and triangulation |
| | 39 | |
| EDM and theodolite surveys, with examples from Mount St. Helens and Long Valley Caldera |
| | 40 | |
| Triangulation and total-station surveys |
| | 50 | |
| Leveling and tilt-leveling surveys |
| | 51 | |
| Field procedures and accuracy |
| | 53 | |
| | 61 | |
| | 64 | |
| Tilt-leveling results at South Sister Volcano, Oregon |
| | 65 | |
| Repeated leveling surveys at Medicine Lake Volcano, California |
| | 65 | |
| | 69 | |
| Mapping the 1980 north flank `bulge' at Mount St. Helens |
| | 69 | |
| Oblique-angle and fixed-camera photogrammetry |
| | 71 | |
| | 72 | |
| | 72 | |
| Results from Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i |
| | 74 | |
| Results from Miyakejima Volcano, Japan |
| | 78 | |
| Magnetic field measurements |
| | 79 | |
| | 79 | |
| Changes associated with eruptions at Mount St. Helens |
| | 79 | |
| Results from Long Valley Caldera |
| | 80 | |
| Continuous monitoring with in situ sensors |
| | 81 | |
| | 81 | |
| A brief history of seismology |
| | 82 | |
| An introduction to seismic waves and earthquake types |
| | 83 | |
| Basic principles of seismometers |
| | 85 | |
| Current research topics in volcano seismology |
| | 86 | |
| | 89 | |
| Short-base bubble tiltmeters |
| | 89 | |
| The Ideal-Aerosmith mercury capacitance tiltmeter |
| | 91 | |
| Long-base fluid tiltmeters |
| | 91 | |
| | 95 | |
| Linear strainmeters (extensometers) |
| | 96 | |
| The Sacks-Evertson volumetric strainmeter |
| | 98 | |
| The Gladwin tensor strainmeter |
| | 99 | |
| | 100 | |
| Some cautions about near-surface deformation sensors |
| | 101 | |
| | 102 | |
| | 103 | |
| Relative gravimeters -- the magic of zero-length springs and superconductivity |
| | 103 | |
| Gravity results from selected volcanoes |
| | 105 | |
| Differential lake gauging |
| | 107 | |
| Monitoring active deformation at Lake Taupo, New Zealand |
| | 107 | |
| Lake terraces as paleo-tiltmeters |
| | 107 | |
| | 109 | |
| The Global Positioning System: A multipurpose tool |
| | 111 | |
| Global positioning principles |
| | 112 | |
| Reference surfaces and coordinate systems: the geoid and ellipsoid |
| | 112 | |
| Point positioning and relative positioning |
| | 113 | |
| An overview of GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo |
| | 114 | |
| | 114 | |
| NAVSTAR satellite constellation |
| | 115 | |
| GLONASS satellite constellation |
| | 115 | |
| Galileo Global Navigation Satellite System |
| | 117 | |
| GPS signal structure: what do the satellites broadcast? |
| | 117 | |
| L1 and L2 carrier signals, C/A-code, P-code, and Y-code |
| | 118 | |
| Selective availability and anti-spoofing |
| | 120 | |
| | 121 | |
| Observables: what do GPS receivers measure? |
| | 121 | |
| | 122 | |
| Carrier phase and carrier-beat phase |
| | 124 | |
| Data combinations and differences |
| | 125 | |
| Wide-lane and narrow-lane combinations |
| | 125 | |
| | 126 | |
| | 126 | |
| | 127 | |
| | 129 | |
| Doing the math: turning data into positions |
| | 131 | |
| Point positioning with code pseudoranges |
| | 131 | |
| Point positioning with carrier-beat phases |
| | 132 | |
| Static relative positioning |
| | 133 | |
| Kinematic relative positioning |
| | 133 | |
| | 134 | |
| Relative positioning techniques |
| | 135 | |
| | 135 | |
| Stop-and-go kinematic GPS |
| | 137 | |
| | 138 | |
| | 138 | |
| | 138 | |
| Real time kinematic OTF GPS |
| | 138 | |
| Which type of GPS receiver and field procedures are right for the job? |
| | 139 | |
| | 141 | |
| GEONET -- The national GPS network of Japan |
| | 141 | |
| The US Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network |
| | 142 | |
| SCIGN -- The Southern California Integrated GPS Network |
| | 142 | |
| PANGA -- The Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array |
| | 142 | |
| The discovery of slow earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest |
| | 143 | |
| Tracking deformation events at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, with CGPS |
| | 143 | |
| Continuous, real time GPS network at the Long Valley Caldera |
| | 145 | |
| | 148 | |
| | 148 | |
| Precise point positioning |
| | 148 | |
| | 149 | |
| Lightweight, low-power GPS receivers |
| | 149 | |
| Automated GPS data processing |
| | 150 | |
| | 151 | |
| Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) |
| | 153 | |
| Radar principles and techniques |
| | 154 | |
| Real-aperture imaging radar systems |
| | 157 | |
| Ground resolution of real-aperture imaging radars |
| | 160 | |
| | 162 | |
| Characteristics of SAR images |
| | 166 | |
| Principles of SAR interferometry |
| | 168 | |
| Co-registration of overlapping radar images |
| | 169 | |
| Creating the interferogram |
| | 170 | |
| Removing the effects of viewing geometry and topography |
| | 171 | |
| Two-pass, three-pass, and four-pass interferometry |
| | 173 | |
| | 175 | |
| Lidar, InSAR, and photogrammetry -- a potent remote-sensing triad |
| | 176 | |
| Range-change resolution of InSAR |
| | 177 | |
| Coping with decorrelation and atmospheric-delay anomalies |
| | 178 | |
| Volcano InSAR studies: a growing list of success stories |
| | 181 | |
| Examples of interferometric SAR applied to volcanoes |
| | 182 | |
| | 182 | |
| Long Valley Caldera, California |
| | 183 | |
| Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming |
| | 184 | |
| | 188 | |
| | 191 | |
| Three Sisters volcanic center, Oregon |
| | 192 | |
| The future of volcano InSAR |
| | 193 | |
| | 195 | |
| | 195 | |
| | 195 | |
| Photogrammetry fundamentals |
| | 196 | |
| | 196 | |
| | 197 | |
| Format, focal length, and field of view |
| | 198 | |
| Photo collection and scale |
| | 198 | |
| | 199 | |
| | 201 | |
| | 204 | |
| Instrumentation and data types |
| | 205 | |
| | 205 | |
| Analytical stereoplotters |
| | 207 | |
| | 208 | |
| | 208 | |
| Computer-assisted orientation |
| | 209 | |
| | 209 | |
| | 210 | |
| | 210 | |
| | 211 | |
| Terrestrial photogrammetry |
| | 212 | |
| Application to Mount St. Helens |
| | 214 | |
| Lessons from deforming volcanoes |
| | 223 | |
| Mount St. Helens -- edifice instability and dome growth |
| | 223 | |
| Precursory activity: the north flank `bulge' |
| | 224 | |
| Monitoring and predicting the growth of a lava dome |
| | 232 | |
| Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i -- flank instability and gigantic landslides |
| | 235 | |
| The volcano's mobile south flank: historical activity |
| | 235 | |
| Colossal prehistoric landslides and sea waves |
| | 245 | |
| Yellowstone -- the ups and downs of a restless caldera |
| | 248 | |
| Tectonic setting and eruptive history |
| | 248 | |
| Results of repeated leveling surveys |
| | 250 | |
| What happened between leveling surveys? |
| | 253 | |
| Causes of uplift and subsidence |
| | 255 | |
| Spatiotemporal changes in deformation revealed by InSAR |
| | 259 | |
| Long Valley Caldera and the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain: two decades of unrest (and still counting?) |
| | 259 | |
| Eruptive history and recent unrest |
| | 259 | |
| Leveling results: tracking caldera inflation in space and time |
| | 265 | |
| Regional and intracaldera trilateration surveys |
| | 267 | |
| Repeated and continuous GPS measurements |
| | 273 | |
| | 274 | |
| Borehole strainmeter and long-base tiltmeter results: implications of triggered seismicity |
| | 275 | |
| Water-level changes induced by distant earthquakes: evidence for stimulated upward movement of magma or hydrothermal fluid |
| | 277 | |
| | 278 | |
| Analytical volcano deformation source models |
| | 279 | |
| | 279 | |
| The elastic half-space: a first approximation of the Earth |
| | 280 | |
| Properties of an isotropic linearly elastic solid |
| | 280 | |
| | 280 | |
| | 281 | |
| Coordinate system and displacements |
| | 281 | |
| | 281 | |
| | 282 | |
| | 282 | |
| Deformation from point, uniform disk, and uniform rectangular surface loads |
| | 282 | |
| Point forces, pipes, and spheroidal pressure sources |
| | 285 | |
| Spheroidal cavities and pipes: model elements for inflating and deflating magma chambers and vertical conduits |
| | 286 | |
| | 288 | |
| Finite spherical pressure source |
| | 290 | |
| Closed pipe: a model for a plugged conduit or a cigar-shaped magma chamber |
| | 292 | |
| Closed pipe tilt and strain components |
| | 293 | |
| Open pipe: a composite model for the filling of an open conduit |
| | 294 | |
| | 296 | |
| Dipping point and finite rectangular tension cracks |
| | 297 | |
| | 300 | |
| Relationship between subsurface and surface volume changes |
| | 300 | |
| Topographic corrections to modeled deformation |
| | 301 | |
| Reference elevation model |
| | 302 | |
| | 302 | |
| Topographically corrected model |
| | 303 | |
| Inversion of source parameters from deformation data |
| | 303 | |
| Non-linear inversion and model parameter error estimates |
| | 303 | |
| Choosing the best source model |
| | 304 | |
| Borehole observations of continuous strain and fluid pressure |
| | 305 | |
| Borehole strainmeter design and capabilities |
| | 305 | |
| Groundwater level as a volumetric strain indicator |
| | 308 | |
| Water levels and crustal strain |
| | 309 | |
| Effects of groundwater flow |
| | 310 | |
| | 312 | |
| Data collection requirements |
| | 312 | |
| Processing and analyzing continuous strain and water level data |
| | 312 | |
| Volumetric strain fields of idealized volcanic sources |
| | 314 | |
| | 314 | |
| | 315 | |
| | 316 | |
| | 316 | |
| | 317 | |
| Long Valley Caldera, California: stimulation by distant earthquakes |
| | 317 | |
| Eruptions of Hekla, Iceland, in 1991 and 2000 |
| | 318 | |
| Eruption of Usu Volcano, Japan, March 2000 |
| | 320 | |
| Spreading of the western Pacific sea floor on the Juan de Fuca Ridge |
| | 321 | |
| | 322 | |
| Hydrothermal systems and volcano geochemistry |
| | 323 | |
| The hydrologic importance of brittle-plastic phenomena |
| | 323 | |
| The brittle--plastic transition |
| | 324 | |
| | 324 | |
| Brittle-plastic transition in an active volcanic environment |
| | 325 | |
| Brittle behavior of normally plastic rock at high strain rates |
| | 326 | |
| Development of plastic rock around shallow intrusive bodies |
| | 327 | |
| Storage of hydrothermal fluid in and movement through plastic rock |
| | 327 | |
| Accumulation in horizontal lenses in plastic rock when and where σ3 = Sv |
| | 327 | |
| Significance of accumulation of fluid in plastic rock at near lithostatic Pf |
| | 329 | |
| Rapid upward movement of fluid through plastic rock when σ3 < Sv |
| | 329 | |
| Self-sealing at the brittle-plastic interface |
| | 330 | |
| Mechanisms for breaching the self-sealed zone and discharge of >400°C fluid into cooler rock |
| | 331 | |
| Chemical characteristics of fluids in a sub-volcanic environment |
| | 332 | |
| Salinity variations and phase relations of aqueous fluids at >400°C |
| | 332 | |
| Generation and behavior of HCl at high temperature and low Pf |
| | 335 | |
| Behavior of H2S and SO2 in sub-volcanic hydrothermal systems |
| | 335 | |
| Decompression of the `steam' phase |
| | 335 | |
| A general model of hydrothermal activity in a sub-volcanic environment |
| | 337 | |
| Uplift and subsidence of large silicic calderas |
| | 339 | |
| | 341 | |
| Challenges and opportunities for the 21st century |
| | 343 | |
| The intrusion process: a complicated business |
| | 343 | |
| Strengths and weaknesses of geodetic monitoring |
| | 344 | |
| Why is volcano deformation such an elusive target? |
| | 345 | |
| | 345 | |
| Lessons from Mount St. Helens I: 1980 |
| | 346 | |
| | 349 | |
| Lessons from Mount St. Helens II: 2004--2006 (continuing education) |
| | 350 | |
| Capturing volcano deformation in space and time |
| | 356 | |
| Real-time, global surveillance: an achievable goal |
| | 357 | |
| On-the-fly volcano modeling |
| | 359 | |
| Implications for eruption forecasting and hazards mitigation |
| | 360 | |
| Pie-in-the-sky volcanology |
| | 361 | |
| A bright and challenging future |
| | 362 | |
| Glossary | | 363 | |
| References | | 401 | |
| Index | | 429 | |
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